📡
Frequency
431 MHz
Frequency
431 MHz
🧭
Range
431–440 MHz
Range
431–440 MHz
🧩
Band Group
UHF (300–1000 MHz)
Band Group
UHF (300–1000 MHz)
🌐 Summary
The 431 MHz allocation is part of the UHF (300–1000 MHz) spectrum. This range is used worldwide for critical applications that keep our communications and infrastructure running smoothly. On this page we highlight how each band is applied in real systems, from regulatory assignments to everyday devices. Our goal is to make spectrum data clear and practical for engineers, regulators, and enthusiasts alike.
Key uses of this band include: 431 MHz: Amateur repeaters, satellites, EME; Short‑range devices (433 MHz band); Amateur radios, PMR, IoT SRD (433 MHz).
70 cm amateur (430–440 MHz primary in many Region 1 countries); 435–438 MHz used for amateur‑satellite service.
🔍 Explore the full RF Spectrum database
📡 Band & Geometry key
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Wavelength (m) | 0.696 |
| Waveforms | – |
| Antenna Form Factor (Typical) | ¼-wave ≈ 17.4 cm |
| Band Family | Amateur/CB |
| Band | Amateur 70 cm band |
| Primary Common Name | Amateur service (70 cm) |
| FSPL @ 1 km [dB] | 85.129545403215 |
| FSPL @ 10 km [dB] | 105.12954540322 |
| Fresnel Radius @ 1 km (m) | 13.191046671776 |
| Band Group | UHF (300–1000 MHz) |
| Tax Band Family | UHF |
| Tax Band Class | UHF LMR/SRD/Amateur (410–450) |
🧩 Applications & Usage
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Primary Application | Amateur repeaters, satellites, EME |
| Lower Neighbor Use | UHF (Land mobile/Fixed) |
| Upper Neighbor Use | UHF (Land mobile + Amateur secondary) |
| Typical Services Devices | Short‑range devices (433 MHz band) |
| Market Common Devices | Amateur radios, PMR, IoT SRD (433 MHz) |
| Refarming Use | No |
| Device Ecosystem Size | Low (<100 models) |
| Device Hotspots (MHz) | 431 |
| Device Category | SRD (433): Remotes/Sensors; LoRa |
| Typical Use Cases | – |
| Modulation (Device) | Varies by device |
| Channel Width (Device) [kHz] | Varies |
| Device Region Profiles | Varies by country / allocation |
| Per-Region EIRP Or Duty (Device) | Varies by regulation |
| Allocation Relevance (Device) | Medium |
| Adjacent-Band Collision Risks (Device) | Low–Moderate |
| Example Devices Or Skus | Specialized Industrial / Scientific Equipment |
| Common Protocols | Amateur 70 cm (FM/DV); Digital Voice (D-STAR/C4FM) |
🗒️ Notes
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Receiver Selectivity Notes | – |
| Interference Notes | Low power; duty cycle limits (EU) |
| Compatibility Risk Notes | High congestion (unlicensed) |
| Notes | 70 cm amateur (430–440 MHz primary in many Region 1 countries); 435–438 MHz used for amateur‑satellite service. |
| Propagation Notes | Strong coverage, good indoor penetration |
⚙️ Technical Rules
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Lower Band Frequency Limit | 431 |
| Upper Band Frequency Limit | 440 |
| EIRP Indoor Limits | Licensed amateur |
| EIRP Outdoor Limits | Licensed amateur |
| PSD Limit | — |
| Emission Mask Class | Amateur service |
| Guardband Minimum [kHz] | 25 |
| Typical Bandwidths | 11–20 kHz |
| Autocalculated Bandlimits | No |
| Typical Bandwidths (Estimated) | 11–20 kHz |
| Max EIRP [dBm] | Varies by regulation |
| Power Source Or Duty Profile (Typical) | – |
| Channelization Plan | – |
| Channelization | – |
| Guard Band Requirement | – |
| OOB Emission Limit [dBm/MHz] | -13 (baseline) |
| Spurious Emission Limit (dBm) | -30 (baseline) |
| RX Blocking Min [dBm] | -15 (planning) |
| Duplexing | Half-duplex |
| Duplexing Information | Simplex or paired |
| Uplink Pairing | – |
| Downlink Pairing | – |
| Paired Band Info | – |
| Max EIRP [dBm] | Varies (uplink high power, downlink weak signals) |
| Channelization Block Size | 12.5 / 25 kHz channels |
| 3GPP Band Number | |
| Example 3GPP Bands | – |
| LTE Uplink Bands | – |
| LTE Downlink Bands | – |
| NR Uplink Bands | – |
| NR Downlink Bands | – |
| Guard Bands | Narrow guard bands |
| Protocol Or Standard | – |
🌎 Country Overrides
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Tax Service Category | Other / Various |
| Tax License Type | Amateur (Licensed) |
| Tax Regions | Global / Varies |
| ITU Region 1 | Amateur |
| ITU Region 2 | Amateur |
| ITU Region 3 | Amateur |
| License Type | Amateur service (licensed, secondary in some regions) |
| Primary Application | Amateur repeaters, satellites, EME |
| Primary Services | – |
| Spurious Emission [dBm] | -30 (baseline) |
| Lower Neighbor Use | UHF (Land mobile/Fixed) |
| Upper Neighbor Use | UHF (Land mobile + Amateur secondary) |
| Licensing Model | License-exempt (SRD, EU) |
| Typical Services Devices | Short‑range devices (433 MHz band) |
| US FCC Alloc | -– |
| CA IC Alloc | -– |
| UK Ofcom Alloc | -– |
| US Ref | 47 CFR Part 90 (Private Land Mobile) |
| Typical Bandwidths | 11–20 kHz |
| Market Licensing Model | Licensed (Amateur/LMR) |
| Market Common Devices | Amateur radios, PMR, IoT SRD (433 MHz) |
| Fresnel Radius (1st, 1 km) [m] | 13.191046671776 |
| Typical Bandwidths (Estimated) | 11–20 kHz |
| Auction Status | – |
| Refarming Use | No |
| Typical Site Spacing km | – / – |
| Device Ecosystem Size | Low (<100 models) |
| Traffic Load Share | Coverage-heavy, low capacity share |
| Device Hotspots (MHz) | 431 |
| Device Category | SRD (433): Remotes/Sensors; LoRa |
| Typical Use Cases | – |
| Typical Center Frequencies [MHz] | – |
| Rule Part (Fcc Or Region) | – |
| Modulation (Device) | Varies by device |
| Channel Width (Device) [kHz] | Varies |
| Device Region Profiles | Varies by country / allocation |
| Per-Region EIRP Or Duty (Device) | Varies by regulation |
| Allocation Relevance (Device) | Medium |
| Adjacent-Band Collision Risks (Device) | Low–Moderate |
| Example Devices Or Skus | Specialized Industrial / Scientific Equipment |
| Antenna Form Factor (Typical) | ¼-wave ≈ 17.4 cm |
| Power Source Or Duty Profile (Typical) | – |
🛡️ Regulatory & Neighbors
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Lower Band Frequency Limit | 431 |
| Upper Band Frequency Limit | 440 |
| Rx Blocking Min dBm | -15 (planning) |
| Lower Neighbor Use | UHF (Land mobile/Fixed) |
| Upper Neighbor Use | UHF (Land mobile + Amateur secondary) |
| Lower Neighbor Band | UHF (Land mobile/Fixed) |
| Lower Neighbor Range | 401.000–430.000 MHz |
| Upper Neighbor Label | UHF (Land mobile + Amateur secondary) |
| Upper Neighbor Range | 441.000–445.000 MHz |
| Adjacent-Band Collision Risks (Device) | Low–Moderate |
| Real-World Range (Indoor/Outdoor) | – |
| US FCC Alloc | — |
| CA IC Alloc | — |
| UK Ofcom Alloc | — |
| Regulatory References | US: 47 CFR Part 90 (Private Land Mobile); CA: ISED RSS‑119 (Land Mobile 27.41–960 MHz); UK: Ofcom PMR/Business Radio (UK FAT) |
| Global Harmonization | Global |
| Crossborder Coordination | High |
| Sharing Mechanism | – |
| Auction Status | – |
| Guard Or Pair | – |
📈 Market & Measurements
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Noise Floor | -110 dBm (est.) |
| Interference Cases | – |
| Lower Neighbor Range | 401.000–430.000 MHz |
| Upper Neighbor Range | 441.000–445.000 MHz |
| Interference Notes | Low power; duty cycle limits (EU) |
| Market Licensing Model | Licensed (Amateur/LMR) |
| Market Commercial Value | Specialized |
| Market Common Devices | Amateur radios, PMR, IoT SRD (433 MHz) |
| Market Deployment Density | Medium in Europe/Asia |
| Noise Floor (Estimated) | -110 dBm (est.) |
| Market Commercial Value (Estimated) | Specialized |
| Ecosystem Maturity | Established |
| Indoor Penetration | Good |
| Known Interference | No major interference issues noted |
| Device Ecosystem Size | Low (<100 models) |
| Real-World Range (Indoor/Outdoor) | – |
| Antenna Form Factor (Typical) | ¼-wave ≈ 17.4 cm |
| Ecosystem Maturity | Established |
| Device Ecosystem Size | Low (<100 models) |
| Chipset Availability | Ham radio equipment vendors |
| Operator Deployments | Individual operators worldwide |
| Technology Generations Deployed | Amateur voice/data modes |
| Roaming Support | No |
| Traffic Load Share | Coverage-heavy, low capacity share |
| Indoor Penetration | Good |
| Known Interference | No major interference issues noted |
| Occupancy | Low |
| Occupancy Bucket Pct | 0–10% |
| Latency Profile | 600 ms (GEO), 30–50 ms (LEO) |
| Common Channels Or Profiles | – |
| Security Features | – |
| Lbt Or Fhss Requirement | – |
| Popularity (Installed Base) | – |
| Coexistence Tips | – |
| Latency Class | – |
| Device Hotspots (Scoped && Tagged) | – |